domingo, 24 de febrero de 2019

Qué invadimos ahora


UNESCO


Science communication: disinformation and fake news

Being well informed as a citizen or not depends on our ability and motivation to detect falsehood, but also on other social factors that increase or decrease the chances that we are exposed to the correct information. This is the conclusion of the recently published study entitled Sciences audiences, misinformation and fake news 1. Its objective has been to review what is known about the misinformation that exists in scientific issues to improve the communication of science and identify what is missing in it.

The study offers a panoramic view on how and why citizens are incorrectly informed on issues related to science. In the first place it warns of the terms: misinformation, disinformation and uniformed. All refer to the erroneous information but they have differences. Misinformation is the one that probably arose by accident; disinformation is a type of misinformation that arises intentionally false and uninformed, which can be accidental or intentional. The distinctions between these terms, as well as other concepts such as “rumor” or “fake news”, have not always been clearly defined in research related to these topics, which makes it difficult sometimes to compare some data with others.

As the authors of the study say, handling incorrect information can have specific causes and consequences, especially if the citizen is especially active at the time of transmitting information and, especially, if this citizen is, on that information that is disseminated, poorly informed. For the authors, both characteristics imply that this citizen will hardly abandon his beliefs and opinions to accept new ones. This is related to what he calls “epistemic knowledge” of science, that is, the levels of information or misinformation that non-experts have about the scientific process and how they transform that information into knowledge based on the findings produced by science. An example of epistemic knowledge is that which is reflected in the results of the survey of US Science and Engineering Indicators. This survey measures general knowledge about scientific facts and its authors consider that it is related to the level of formal education of citizens and the scientific training they have. The latest survey reflects results such as the following: one in three Americans misunderstood the concept of probability; half of the population was not able to make a correct description of a scientific experiment and three out of four could not describe the main topic of a scientific study.

Another issue about the existence and dissemination of false scientific news is that of the belief in conspiracy theories, that is, those created intentionally by a group of people seeking a common benefit. According to the study, those who believe in these theories are people who, on the one hand, trust more in their intuition than in their conscious reasoning and, on the other, do not believe in falsehoods but rather support these theories to defend their ideology or to affirm your membership in a group. As the study states, the persistence of these conspiratorial beliefs is the result of politicians, the media and other agents who use them as fallacious tools to reinforce their ideas.

To this it is added that citizens have a low level of media literacy, that is, they can not analyze and evaluate the messages they receive in terms of truthfulness and quality. Therefore, apart from the fact that communication platforms are changing their algorithms, platforms such as Politifact.com and Factcheck.org have also emerged, as a countermeasure, to verify the information and disprove the fake news or hoaxes.
Naukas

Aires acondicionados sin consumo eléctrico

La alta demanda de aires acondicionados agravará los problemas ambientales por el alto consumo energético y los químicos tóxicos de estos aparatos. Sin embargo, existe un prototipo que transforma la energía térmica en una onda acústica para así lograr el enfriamiento sin usar gases tóxicos ni electricidad.

Según la Agencia Internacional de Energía (AIE) seis mil millones de aires acondicionados pueden llegar a consumir el 37% de la electricidad mundial. El aumento de la demanda en China e India por la instalación masiva de este tipo de aparatos los va a convertir en una catástrofe ambiental en el actual contexto de cambio climático.

Existe una alternativa para fabricar un aire acondicionado que no requiere de electricidad para funcionar. Se basa en los principios de termoacústica y fue diseñado en la ciudad de Enschedeen, en los Países Bajos.

La tecnología, que SoundEnergy presentó en el CES de Las Vegas, usa un proceso similar al de un motor Stirling, que se conceptualizó por primera vez hace 200 años, a principios del siglo XIX.
De energía térmica a onda acústica.

SoundEnergy es la empresa que ha presentado un prototipo (THEAC-25) que toma la energía térmica y la transforma en una onda acústica. Después viaja a través de un bucle infinito presurizado en donde se amplifica, lo que la hace más fuerte.

Desde el punto de vista de la aplicación, es una bomba de calor impulsada por calor o por calor solar, que requiere la conexión de tres circuitos externos a la aplicación.

El equipo proporciona hasta 25 kW de potencia de enfriamiento durante las horas de sol. La salida de frío puede alcanzar hasta los -25 ° C.

Los sistemas tradicionales de aire acondicionado utilizan fluidos químicos que son altamente dañinos para el medio ambiente. El único gas que usa THEAC-25 es el argón. El 0,94% de nuestra atmósfera está compuesta de este gas, por lo que no afecta al calentamiento global.
Ecoinventos

martes, 12 de febrero de 2019

comunidades

Existe uma ‘comunidade internacional do batá’ - como existe do samba, da capoeira, do maracatu, etc. Essas ‘comunidades’ criam amizades, estreitam laços e misturam culturas, contribuindo para a criação de um sentimemto de unidade planetária, que vai na direção oposta da mentalidade de divisão e exclusão que alguns preferem adotar. Ontem tive o prazer de reunir na minha casa, um catalão que toca comigo aqui no Rio, @fertamarit , e um inglês, @robertoarcari que eu conheci em Londres há alguns anos, e que veio ao Rio tocar no carnaval. Só a cultura salva - e salve a cultura popular, que salva mais que todas as outras!

domingo, 10 de febrero de 2019

domingo, 3 de febrero de 2019

Azufaifar




Ruta Cambio Climático

Esta ruta permite conocer la problemática asociada al cambio climático en la zona semiárida almeriense y poner en valor los hábitats de azufaifos o artos blancos (Ziziphus lotus), como se conocen en Almería. Incluye dos itinerarios (Norte y Sur), de ida y vuelta por el mismo sendero, y de baja dificultad que permiten visualizar aspectos claves para comprender el efecto del cambio climático sobre los ecosistemas semiáridos que dependen del agua subterránea. Ambos se complementan en la información que ofrecen a través de diversos hitos o puntos de información donde se podrá descargar información adicional vinculada al ecosistema del Azufaifar.


Collaborative knowledge for understanding and adaptation of global change

In collaboration with teachers from non-university educational centres, we are setting up a MOOC (Massive Online Open Course or CAEM, Curso Abierto en Línea Masivo) to promote interaction between students and teachers from all educational levels with the aim of generating collaborative knowledge related to global change adaptation. The CAESCG objective will be to give attractive, technical, scientific content that the users of MOOC could benefit from and which would contribute to their dynamism. We think that using this and another TIC tools will be useful to improve the students’ personal experience, to become collective and expanded in time and space. We hope this will improve the perception of change patterns of ecosystems over the last decades at a global level and their impact on the services provided to the people and, consequently, to our wellbeing.

The experience is developed in the framework of the “Analysis of the teaching-learning process in innovating formats” project, a researching and educational innovation project supported by the Ministry of Education of the Andalusian Regional Government.


imaging brains



Recently, the journal Science showed in its cover an amazing image of a close up into the fly brain. This is the result of the combined effort of two research groups working on imaging. The first one (Boyden’s) had developed a way to increase the size of preserved samples, like a brain slice, up to 4 times by using an absorbable polymer similar to the one used in baby diapers and dosing it with water while at the same time making them transparent. The second technique, lattice light-sheet microscope from the Betzig lab 1, is based on an ultrathin sheet of light which illuminates only the part in the microscope’s plane of focus. That helps out-of-focus areas stay dark, keeping a specimen’s fluorescence from being extinguished. This characteristic, together with its speed, made it a plausible ideal choice for the microscope to image huge chunks of expanded brains, and so it was. Even though the samples had to be repositioned and the image data acquired repositioned and stitched so as to rebuild the whole 3D data set (with the huge amount of data that implies), the whole acquisition time
was relatively short: 62 hours.


They traced proteins, tiny cellular protrusions known as dendritic spines, and dopaminergic neurons. And that is just an example of the range of possibly interesting things to investigate with such a technique. Depending on labelling, in the future, it would be possible to track neuron connections, examine neurotransmitter or neuron type distribution…
Mapping ignorance

sábado, 2 de febrero de 2019

lunes, 28 de enero de 2019

Ten threats to global health in 2019 (OMS)


Air pollution and climate change

Nine out of ten people breathe polluted air every day. In 2019, air pollution is considered by WHO as the greatest environmental risk to health. Microscopic pollutants in the air can penetrate respiratory and circulatory systems, damaging the lungs, heart and brain, killing 7 million people prematurely every year from diseases such as cancer, stroke, heart and lung disease. Around 90% of these deaths are in low- and middle-income countries, with high volumes of emissions from industry, transport and agriculture, as well as dirty cookstoves and fuels in homes.

The primary cause of air pollution (burning fossil fuels) is also a major contributor to climate change, which impacts people’s health in different ways. Between 2030 and 2050, climate change is expected to cause 250 000 additional deaths per year, from malnutrition, malaria, diarrhoea and heat stress.

In October 2018, WHO held its first ever Global Conference on Air Pollution and Health in Geneva. Countries and organizations made more than 70 commitments to improve air quality. This year, the United Nations Climate Summit in September will aim to strengthen climate action and ambition worldwide. Even if all the commitments made by countries for the Paris Agreement are achieved, the world is still on a course to warm by more than 3°C this century.

Fragile and vulnerable settings

Emergency






More than 1.6 billion people (22% of the global population) live in places where protracted crises (through a combination of challenges such as drought, famine, conflict, and population displacement) and weak health services leave them without access to basic care.

Fragile settings exist in almost all regions of the world, and these are where half of the key targets in the sustainable development goals, including on child and maternal health, remains unmet.

WHO will continue to work in these countries to strengthen health systems so that they are better prepared to detect and respond to outbreaks, as well as able to deliver high quality health services, including immunization.
OMS

domingo, 27 de enero de 2019

Dance


DAVOS

Se cree que cerca de 1.500 vuelos en jet privado se van a realizar durante la semana del Foro Económico Mundial (World Economic Forum , WEF) a aeropuertos cerca de Davos en los Alpes suizos. Esto supone un aumento en comparación con los más de 1.300 movimientos de aeronaves vistos en el foro del año pasado, a pesar de que el cambio climático se registró como el principal factor de riesgo identificado para la economía mundial en una encuesta realizada entre los asistentes del WEF la semana pasada. Otras fuentes disparan los vuelos privados a la cifra de 2.000 dentro y fuera de los aeropuertos locales. Aunque la mayoría de las personas llegan a Davos en automóvil o en tren después de llegar a aeropuertos como Zurich, a dos o tres horas de distancia, algunos directores ejecutivos y líderes gubernamentales selectos con su séquito contratan helicópteros para ahorrar tiempo. La demanda de jets privados en la semana de Davos supera con creces a otros eventos que también ocupan un lugar destacado en el calendario de la aviación privada, como el Super Bowl o la final de la Liga de Campeones, según Andy Christie, director de jets privados de ACS.

Los organizadores del WEF insisten en que están haciendo que el foro anual sea ambientalmente sostenible, compensando las emisiones de carbono generadas por la aviación privada en la medida de lo posible a través de sus propias iniciativas en el terreno. Pero la seguridad de los altos asistentes es prioritaria. A esta hipocresía en lo relativo al desplazamiento se une la inacción de ciertas potencias contaminantes que han abandonado el Acuerdo de París.

Tiempo.com



Mientras los líderes mundiales se reúnen en Davos, en algún punto de África germina una nueva revuelta del pan. La última ha brotado en Sudán, donde desde diciembre han muerto decenas de personas en protestas por la carestía de la vida. La distancia entre Suiza y África parece estratosférica, y la relación entre millonarios y desharrapados absurda, pero no lo es: una revuelta del pan es siempre una revuelta contra las élites, esas que en Davos exhiben su poderío –y a duras penas esconden sus temores- lejos de tropeles coléricos y motines del hambre.

De Davos a Jartum discurre también una línea discontinua de intenciones. En 2018 el Foro Mundial constató que entre los riesgos para la economía global, los mayores son los desastres naturales, la adaptación al cambio climático y las crisis del agua, por delante del terrorismo o los ciberataques. Basta una mala cosecha, en países que subsidian la canasta básica en un intento de frenar el descontento de la población, para dispararse los precios y abrirse la espita de la rabia. Hoy es Sudán; en 1988, con resultado infausto, fue Argelia: dos años después hacía su aparición el islamismo, y luego el terrorismo islámico del GIA y la bárbara guerra sucia de los noventa.

Por eso el desierto de Sudán o los arrabales argelinos o cairotas no son tan ajenos al bienestar suizo, y a la autocomplacencia –cada vez más relativa- de los dueños del mundo cuando se dan cita para celebrar su poder. El Foro creó en 2016 un comité de Comercio y Desarrollo Sostenible, no por un arranque de altruismo sino por la pura elocuencia de las cifras. El cambio climático es una extraordinaria oportunidad de negocio: 300.000 millones de euros en renovables, en una tecnología que indefectiblemente –no hay marcha atrás si queremos evitar la implosión energética- sustituirá la contaminante extracción de hidrocarburos. Un informe de 2017 del comité asegura además que alcanzar los 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de la ONU representa una oportunidad de mercado de 12 billones de dólares en cuatro sectores capitales: alimentación y agricultura; ciudades, energía y materiales.
El país


lunes, 21 de enero de 2019

Clara Grima

Naukas Córdoba. Las que cuentan la ciencia. Clara Grima